FPGA Central

Hi,
I would like to know if there is any literature from Xilinx, Altera or
anywhere that gives the designer a set of design guidelines in order
to achieve timing closure on FPGAs. For example, I have seen some
people use a guideline which says that the number of combinatorial
levels in the design should not exceed say 7 levels or so. Another
example is that the combinatorial delay should not exceed 50% of the
clock period so that there is enough margin for routing delays. I
have come across these through word of mouth. I would really like to
get my hands on some literature to back these up.
Thanks,
Kiran.

On 3 Aug 2004 23:15:30 -0700, [email protected] (Kiran) wrote:

>Hi,
>I would like to know if there is any literature from Xilinx, Altera or
>anywhere that gives the designer a set of design guidelines in order
>to achieve timing closure on FPGAs. For example, I have seen some
>people use a guideline which says that the number of combinatorial
>levels in the design should not exceed say 7 levels or so.

Ouch! I'm currently writing something that will run at > 300MHz. I'm
restricting it to 1 level of combinatorial logic and limiting the
fanout to 10 ('cause I'm in a slow speed grade part).

Obviously rules of thumb are based around certain assumptions. You
need to know how fast your chip is (w.r.t. your clock rate), whether
you are doing floorplanning, etc.

Note that FPGA flip flops are basically free. Don't be afraid to use
them to make the routing easier.

>Another
>example is that the combinatorial delay should not exceed 50% of the
>clock period so that there is enough margin for routing delays.

This one is fairly good, although floorplanning (good or bad) can make
a difference. Note that a tightly packed part will often produce a
few excessively long delays due to routing congestion.

>I
>have come across these through word of mouth. I would really like to
>get my hands on some literature to back these up.

Never seen this in writing. Experience is the key.

Regards,
Allan.

Hi Kiran,

The chapter on "Design Optimization for Altera Devices" in the
Quartus Handbook can answer some of your questions. It covers techniques for
both resource closure (fitting with the smallest number of resources) and
timing closure. This can be accessed from:

http://www.altera.com/literature/hb/...s_qii52005.pdf

The timing reports in the Quartus tool are very useful in giving you the
delay of the critical paths, and in their breakup between Logic cell delay
and Routing Delay. Quartus II 4.1 has two tools: the Resource Optimization
Advisor and the Timing Optimization Advisor, which help you identify which
tool capabilities are applicable in achieving your optimization goals. These
are accessed from the Tools menu, and should be used after you have compiled
your design.

Hope this helps.
- Subroto Datta
Altera Corp.



"Kiran" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:[email protected] om...
> Hi,
> I would like to know if there is any literature from Xilinx, Altera or
> anywhere that gives the designer a set of design guidelines in order
> to achieve timing closure on FPGAs. For example, I have seen some
> people use a guideline which says that the number of combinatorial
> levels in the design should not exceed say 7 levels or so. Another
> example is that the combinatorial delay should not exceed 50% of the
> clock period so that there is enough margin for routing delays. I
> have come across these through word of mouth. I would really like to
> get my hands on some literature to back these up.
> Thanks,
> Kiran.

Hi Allan,

> Obviously rules of thumb are based around certain assumptions. You
> need to know how fast your chip is (w.r.t. your clock rate), whether
> you are doing floorplanning, etc.

You are right. It depends on device, required clock rate, design etc.

How do you control fan-out? Is it through a tool-setting or through
coding style itself?

> Note that FPGA flip flops are basically free. Don't be afraid to use
> them to make the routing easier.

This is not very clear. Do you mean that we should insert registers in
the paths in the RTL code?

> This one is fairly good, although floorplanning (good or bad) can make
> a difference. Note that a tightly packed part will often produce a
> few excessively long delays due to routing congestion.

Is there a thumb rule with respect to device occupancy? Should it be
restricted to say 75% of the device so that routing does not get
congested?

Thanks,
Kiran.

On 4 Aug 2004 23:27:02 -0700, [email protected] (Kiran) wrote:

>Hi Allan,
>
>> Obviously rules of thumb are based around certain assumptions. You
>> need to know how fast your chip is (w.r.t. your clock rate), whether
>> you are doing floorplanning, etc.
>
>You are right. It depends on device, required clock rate, design etc.
>
>How do you control fan-out? Is it through a tool-setting or through
>coding style itself?

I use coding style. For example, if my source code has a signal
feeding eight other LUTs, I know that the fanout is eight.

Note that for most designs (which aren't pushing the technology to the
limits) it's quite reasonable to ignore fanout in your source code and
rely on the fanout limit in your synthesiser. This should have a
default of 50-100 or so. It will replicate logic to maintain this
limit. E.g. if the fanout limit is 100 and you have 200 loads on a
flip flop, the synthesiser will replicate the flip flop (so that there
are two flip flops fed with identical inputs) and each flip flop will
drive 100 loads.

My experience is that automatic replication makes floorplanning
harder.

>> Note that FPGA flip flops are basically free. Don't be afraid to use
>> them to make the routing easier.
>
>This is not very clear. Do you mean that we should insert registers in
>the paths in the RTL code?

Yes.

>> This one is fairly good, although floorplanning (good or bad) can make
>> a difference. Note that a tightly packed part will often produce a
>> few excessively long delays due to routing congestion.
>
>Is there a thumb rule with respect to device occupancy? Should it be
>restricted to say 75% of the device so that routing does not get
>congested?

The obvious hard limit is 100% (although I once had Maxplus make some
FFs out of comb. logic in a CPLD so that I actually used more than
100% of the flip flops in the device!).
A practical limit is 50% to 100%. I've never seen anyone suggest a
utilisation of less than 50%.

There is also a tradeoff with development time. Lower utilisation
means faster build times. I've seen projects which have had larger
FPGA on the prototypes (to speed code development) and smaller FPGAs
on the production units (to lower costs). This is also important if
the requirments for your project are not fully understood- you have
room to manoeuver during development.

A lot depends on your design. It may end up being flip flop limited
(which would be unusual in an FPGA, but more common in a CPLD), or it
may be block ram limited, etc.

My current chip is using most of the block ram but only about 40% of
the FFs and logic. YMMV.

Regards,
Allan.